Watertable dynamics under capillary fringes: experiments and modelling

Watertable heights and total moisture content were measured in a sand column where the piezometric head at the base (``the driving head'') varied as a simple harmonic with periods in the range from 14.5 min to 6.5 h. The watertable height h…t† responded very closely to the driving head compared with the predictions of previous analytical and numerical models. The total moisture quanti®ed as an equivalent, saturated height htot…t† varied very little compared with the watertable height. Neither h…t† nor htot…t† deviated signi®cantly from simple harmonics when the driving head was simple harmonic. This indicates that non-linear e€ects are weak and hence that analysis based on linear solutions have fairly broad applicability. When h…t† and htot…t† are simple harmonic, the ratio nd ˆ ‰dhtot=dtŠ=‰dh=dtŠ is a constant in the complex formalism. Its magnitude jndj is the usual e€ective porosity while its argument accounts for the phase shift which is always observed between h…t† and htot…t†. Within the current range of experiments this dynamic, e€ective porosity nd appears to be almost independent of the forcing frequency, i.e., it is a function of the soil and its compaction only. Introducing the complex nd enables analytical solution for the watertable height in the column which is simpler and more consistently accurate over a range of frequencies than previous models including RichardÕs equation with van Genuchten parameters corresponding to the measured water retention curve. The complex nd can be immediately adopted into linear watertable problems in 1 or 2 horizontal dimensions. Compared with ``no fringe solutions'', this leads to modi®cation of the watertable behaviour which is in agreement with experiments and previous models. The use of a complex nd to account for the capillary fringe in watertable models has the advantage, compared with previous models, e.g., [Parlange J-Y, Brutsaert W. A capillary correction for free surface ̄ow of groundwater. Water Resour Res 1987; 23(5):805±8.] that the order of the di€erential equations is lower. For example, the linearised Boussinesq equation with complex nd is still of second order while the Parlange and Brutsaert equation is of third order. The extra work of calculating the imaginary part of the initially complex solution is insigni®cant compared to dealing with higher order equations. On the basis of the presently available data it also seems that the ``complex nd approach'' is more accurate. This is to be expected since the complex nd accounts implicitly for hysteresis while the Green±Ampt model does not. With respect to linear watertable waves, accounting for the capillary fringe through the complex nd is a very simple extension since the determination of wave numbers already involves complex numbers. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.